In theatrical performances, there are elements that create a boundary between the audience and the fictional world of the story. These elements form an "imaginary wall" that preserves the continuity of the narrative without external interference. Traditionally, three main walls frame the stage: the right wall, the left wall, and the backdrop.

However, in 1758, literary critic Denis Diderot introduced an innovative idea that directly involved the audience in the performance. This idea gave rise to the concept of the fourth wall break—an invisible "fourth wall" that allows interaction between actors and the audience without disrupting the reality of the drama. This technique has evolved over time and is now widely used in modern works, including video games and popular films like Deadpool. The fourth wall allows the audience to directly interact and communicate with stage actors.

The fourth wall break serves several significant functions in dramaturgy, including:

1. Bridging Characters and the Audience

When characters address the audience directly, they reveal thoughts, emotions, or inner conflicts that may not be apparent through interactions with other characters. This provides deeper insight into their motivations, fears, or ambitions, creating a stronger emotional connection. This technique also establishes a unique bond, enriching the audience's experience in understanding the character's journey.

2. Adding Humor and Sarcasm

The fourth wall break is often used to deliver humor directly to the audience. For example, the character Deadpool frequently employs this technique to make jokes or sarcastic remarks, which adds a distinctive and entertaining layer to the narrative. This often creates awkward moments for other characters within the story, contributing to a unique comedic effect.

3. Offering Reflective Moments for the Audience

By breaking the fourth wall, the audience is momentarily pulled out of the story's illusion. This technique allows viewers to reflect on what they have just witnessed or experience unexpected surprises in the storyline. Beyond providing shock value, it also helps to relieve monotony or intensity in the plot, ensuring a more dynamic pacing.

4. Encouraging Critical Thinking

Playwright Bertolt Brecht, known for his epic theatre approach, advocated the use of the fourth wall break to stimulate critical thinking in the audience. This technique is employed not only for entertainment but also as a tool for education and social critique. By doing so, the audience is invited to not merely enjoy the story but to reflect on the issues presented in the performance.

This topic holds a prominent place in the study of dramaturgy, particularly in the English Literature Program at Universitas Dian Nusantara (UNDIRA). Through in-depth learning, students explore not only the elements of staging but also creative ideas that can be expressed in literary and theatrical works. The concept of fourth wall breaking provides additional insight into how narratives can be conveyed uniquely and effectively.

This article is intended as a foundational reference for UNDIRA students who wish to deepen their understanding of dramaturgy and characterization. It also aims to broaden their comprehension of how elements like the fourth wall break can enrich the experience of a performance.